Education
Welsh mine microbes mapped to help heat homes
WELSH SCIENTISTS have mapped the hidden microbes thriving in south Wales’s abandoned coal mines, helping to overcome obstacles to using mine water to heat Britain’s homes.
With an estimated one-quarter of UK properties located above abandoned coal mines, the potential for geothermal heating is vast.
A pioneering heat exchange system set up in 2023 warms 350 homes and several businesses in Gateshead using naturally heated mine water. A larger project is underway in County Durham, where 1,500 homes will be heated entirely by this method.
The groundwater in flooded former coal workings is heated by natural geothermal processes and is a fertile breeding ground for naturally occurring bacteria. These microbes can significantly influence the chemistry of mine water, and have implications for the efficiency and longevity of geothermal systems.
A team of microbiologists from Aberystwyth University sampled the water flowing out of old mine workings in south Wales and used advanced DNA sequencing to analyse bacterial populations and map the multitude of microbes present.
Bacteria can impact geothermal energy capture in many ways, including by affecting the chemistry of the water used, corroding pipes, and biofouling – the accumulation of biological substances on the heat transfer surfaces which reduces performance and efficiency.
Professor in Microbial Geochemistry at Aberystwyth University, Andy Mitchell, said: “The water in flooded coal mines is a vast underused source of low-carbon energy which could heat homes and businesses across Britain. Until now, evaluating the potential of this resource as a geothermal heat source has involved temperature testing and assessing whether water can be successfully extracted and reinjected into a different coal seam after heat has been recovered.
“However, it is also vital to understand how microbial activity might affect the long-term viability of mine water heat exchanger installations.”
Published in FEMS Microbiology Ecology, the research has uncovered how underground microbial communities play an important role in cycling iron and sulphur – processes that can influence the acidity, metal content, and overall quality of groundwater.
Dr Arwyn Edwards, Director of the University’s Interdisciplinary Centre for Environmental Microbiology, said:
“In the global context, this study shows that the abandoned coal mines of south Wales offer a uniquely helpful insight into the exotic lives of the many trillions of trillions of microbes hidden deep underground.”
“Our findings show that microbial communities in these mine waters are not randomly distributed. Instead, they are strongly influenced by the underlying geology and the way groundwater flows through the coalfield. These bacteria’s life cycles and activities could contribute to the warmth of the waters rising up from deep in the coalfield, and they are key players in shaping the geochemistry of mine waters. Understanding their role is crucial for designing efficient and resilient geothermal systems.”
Much of the research was undertaken by Dr André Soares while he was a PhD student at Aberystwyth University, supervised by Professor Andy Mitchell and Dr Arwyn Edwards; and by Dr Sara Rassner, Research Fellow in the Interdisciplinary Centre for Environmental Microbiology at Aberystwyth University.
The research was supported by the Sêr Cymru National Research Network for Low Carbon, Energy and the Environment project Geo-Carb-Cymru and Natural Environment Research Council (NERC).
Photo: Guglielmo Persoani collecting water samples from abandoned mines in the south Wales coalfield.
Education
Manifesto warns Welsh nurseries are ‘fighting to survive’
Nurseries in Wales are warning that rising costs and underfunded childcare places are putting providers under severe pressure
NDNA CYMRU has launched its manifesto, The Best Start for Children in Wales, calling on the next Welsh Government to make early childhood play, learning and care a priority for every family and community.
The organisation says early findings from its nursery survey show 89% of day nurseries in Wales make a loss on sessional places, while 79% say the full day rate does not cover their costs.
Staffing bills have risen by an average of 10.5%, while nurseries have increased fees to parents by an average of 7.5%, meaning many providers are absorbing part of the extra cost themselves.
One nursery told NDNA: “We can’t increase prices as parents are struggling to pay their bill already.”
NDNA Cymru says the pressure is forcing some nurseries to spend less on resources, reduce staff hours and cut training, with one respondent saying they had been forced to lay off three members of staff.
The manifesto sets out four priorities for the next Welsh Government. These include a national review of funded childcare, funding rates that reflect the real cost of delivery, proper support for Additional Learning Needs, protection for existing providers before new capital projects are approved, and a fully funded workforce strategy.
Tim McLachlan, Chief Executive of NDNA Cymru said: “The next Welsh Government has the opportunity to do things better. We are calling on all parties to put children at the heart of any future policy, making sure it is properly funded and delivered consistently in communities across Wales.
“Our survey of day nurseries shows that they face unique funding pressures. It cannot be good for children, families or the economy to have nurseries fighting just to survive when we want to see them thrive.
“Parents rightly want more support to make childcare more affordable. But to be fair to everyone and make sure that policies can be delivered, political parties must make sure any promise they make is fully funded.”
NDNA Cymru said 92% of nurseries responding to its survey were either operating at a loss or only breaking even.
The survey also found that the new £6.67 hourly funding rate for three and four-year-olds does not cover costs for many providers. For full day care, the average shortfall was £1.56 per hour per child, rising to £2.05 for sessional care.
One nursery said: “In the 39 years I have been operating successfully and at a very high level of quality, this is the most challenging and disheartening time for my business in relation to financial sustainability.”
Another said: “Funding and fees are a constant worry alongside staff recruitment and retention; childcare is a lot more challenging and increases each year make it harder and harder.”
NDNA Cymru said it wants a fair and consistent childcare system across Wales, backed by national guidance, proper investment in staff, and adequate ALN funding so children’s needs can be met.
Education
College learner receives prestigious Welsh award
A PEMBROKESHIRE College learner has been recognised with a prestigious award celebrating her commitment, achievement and future potential.
Eleanor Edwards, a second-year Travel and Tourism learner, received the award from the Worshipful Livery Company of Wales as part of its annual College Awards programme.
The scheme supports young Welsh talent and recognises individuals undertaking academic and vocational studies, as well as members of the armed forces and those involved in community service.
Support for future career
The award will help Eleanor further develop her skills and broaden her learning experience through additional courses made possible by the funding.
The College said Eleanor’s success reflects both her hard work and ambition, as well as the high standard of vocational learning delivered at Pembrokeshire College.
Speaking on behalf of the Worshipful Livery Company of Wales, Sylvia Robert-Sargeant said: “We are delighted to have been involved in the selection of Eleanor Edwards as an outstanding second-year learner studying for a Diploma in Travel and Tourism at the College.
“We wish Eleanor every success, both in participating in the extra courses made possible by this award and in her future studies and career.”
Ambition to join cabin crew
Pembrokeshire College Principal Dr Barry Walters also congratulated Eleanor on her achievement.
Dr Walters said: “We are delighted to congratulate Eleanor on receiving a Worshipful Livery Company of Wales award.
“This achievement will support her continued progression, enabling her to gain the additional qualifications needed to pursue her ambition of a career in air cabin crew.
“We also extend our sincere thanks to the Worshipful Livery Company of Wales for their ongoing support and for the time invested in the selection process.”
The College said it was proud to see Eleanor acknowledged through the respected awards programme and wished her every success as she continues her studies and prepares for a future career in the travel and tourism industry.
Picture: Learner Eleanor Edwards with Sylvia Robert-Sargeant and Pembrokeshire College Principal Dr Barry Walters.
Education
Police dogs visit Greenhill School for community afternoon
PUPILS at Ysgol Greenhill were given a close-up look at the work of police dogs during a visit from local officers.
Officers from the Tenby Neighbourhood Policing and Prevention Team attended the school on Thursday (Apr 23), joined by police dog handler PC 301 Bain and police dogs Stan and Archie.
The visit gave pupils and staff the chance to learn more about the role of police dogs, their training, and the work they carry out alongside officers.
Police said the afternoon was also an opportunity for positive engagement and relationship building between young people and the local policing team.
The visit appeared to be a hit with pupils — and with Stan and Archie, who were said to have enjoyed plenty of fuss and attention during the afternoon.
Tenby, Saundersfoot and Narberth Police thanked Greenhill School for hosting the visit.

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