News
Pembroke Castle excavation completed
THE TWO WEEK archaeological excavation of Pembroke Castle has finished, with much information and material gathered to be analysed.
Dyfed Archaeological Trust, funded by the Castle Studies Trust, started the excavation on September 3, the first at the site for over 70 years. The excavations and topographic survey aimed to further advance the understanding of one of Wales’ and the UK’s most iconic castles.
The large outer ward has been an empty space since at least the eighteenth century, yet aerial photographs in 2013 revealed parch marks detailing the outline of a possible late medieval double-winged hall house. This was further confirmed by geophysical surveys carried out by Dyfed Archaeological Trust, funded by the Castle Studies Trust, in 2016. Such buildings are unusual in castles, particularly in the outer ward, generally associated with more lowly structures. This may suggest that the ward had been ‘gentrified’ matching historical accounts which place the birth of Henry Tudor in the outer ward: it may have occurred within this very building. It is thought more likely that he was born in what was a modern residence for the time, than in a guard tower on the castle walls.
Under the guidance of well-known castle expert Neil Ludlow, Dyfed Archaeological Trust excavated two trenches to understand more about the form, date, context and function of the remains. Additionally, they carried out a topographic survey to make a detailed record of the layout of the castle.
Neil Ludlow said prior to the excavation: “The geophysical survey carried out in Pembroke Castle, in 2016, funded by the Castle Studies Trust, showed a large, winged building that resembles, in plan, a late-medieval manor house. This is an unusual find within a castle, and has additional significance at Pembroke as the possible birthplace of King Henry VII.
“But this is still guesswork, as nothing else about the building is known. All we really know is that it was excavated in the 1930s without records. Thanks to the support of the Castle Studies Trust, some of these questions will be answered as well as learning more about later medieval high status living.”
Pembroke Castle stands on a site that has been occupied since at least the Roman period. Norman lords founded the first traditional castle there in the 11th century. Henry Tudor was born at Pembroke Castle on January 28 1457. On August 22 1485, Henry seized the English crown, defeating King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, in the culmination of the Wars of the Roses. He was the last king of England to win his throne on the field of battle, and was crowned Henry VII, first monarch of the House of Tudor.
On the first day of the excavation, a possible wall was quickly made visible in trench one, and trench two revealed a former path surface through the castle grounds and the suggestion of an outer wall. Bone, pottery, brick and tile were found, most from the early 20th century but with some late medieval and post medieval material as well.
The second day saw a second wall revealed close to the east, yet the walls appeared too close together to be associated with the walls seen on the parch marks. Large areas of mortared stone patches were revealed to the west, suggesting walls, and the outer wall of the building in trench two started to become exposed as well. A large amount of oyster shell was collected from the site as well as more pottery and bone.
On the third day, the full width of the wall in trench two was made visible at its western end, at roughly one metre wide, suggesting a substantial structure. In trench one the two walls located close together were thought to represent the cess pit.
The fourth day brought wind and rain, but did not deter progress, with more backfill being removed from both trenches to reveal the surviving walls of the structure. Day five saw good progress, removing almost all of the remaining backfill from trench one to reveal a rubble collapse layer – pre-dating the 1930s excavations. The large mass of masonry is thought to be a possible curving stair, whilst the top of the large wall in trench two was fully exposed.
The sixth day saw further poor weather, and so the focus was on washing and sorting the cleaned finds for bagging up. By the afternoon the weather improved somewhat and the team were able to start the removal of layers of building collapse within the trenches.
Members of the Castle Studies Trust who are funding the investigation visited the site on day seven to check on progress. Work continued in trench one revealing an area of potential bedrock within the possible small room at its eastern end. Collapse material has been removed from trench two to reveal a spread of mortar and slate, potentially a collapsed roof within the structure.
The eighth day saw a sample excavation of the small room in trench one completed, exposing more of a large outcrop of limestone bedrock in its base. Cadw gave permission to slightly extend the trenches and this was started in the afternoon.
The ninth day saw trench two extended to expose the return of the large wall in the northwestern corner of the building, which again appears to be a substantial wall, suggesting a tall building. The extension in trench one was also continued, but no continuation of any walls were seen, although a deposit of rubbish was revealed containing large quantities of roofing slate, oyster shell, bone and quite a few pieces of glazed tile.
The tenth day saw the return of the wall in the second trench fully exposed, the cobbled surface on the outside of the wall cleaned and a rough stone slab floor adjacent to the steps was exposed. They finished taking the eastern extension of the trench down to the correct level, and commenced excavation of the possible cess pit, which is being sampled for environmental analysis.
Day 11 saw the recording and site survey start, as they finished excavation of a small test pit in trench one, onto a second possible stone slab floor. The east end of the trench was found to contain a mix of material, with pottery dating throughout the medieval and later medieval period, as well as three shards of Roman pottery too.
Day 12 was spent undertaking further recording and drawing in the two trenches as the work drew to a close.
The recording was finished on the thirteenth day, as they started backfilling in the afternoon.
In between the volunteers stopped to watch the 1st Battalion Royal Welsh being given the freedom of Pembroke. The last day saw both trenches were backfilled and re-turfed by the end.
Business
Demand for Welsh homes surges as market sees fastest growth in three years
THE demand for homes in Wales has risen at the fastest rate since 2021, according to the latest Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) Residential Market Survey. The report reveals a surge in buyer enquiries as more properties enter the market.
In August, a net balance of 50% of survey respondents in Wales reported an increase in new buyer enquiries, marking the highest level of activity seen since May 2021. This uptick in demand coincides with a rise in the number of homes available for sale. A net balance of 57% of Welsh respondents reported an increase in new instructions to sell, a sharp jump from 30% in July.
With both demand and supply on the rise, it is no surprise that sales have also seen an uplift. A net balance of 30% of surveyors in Wales reported an increase in newly agreed sales in August, positioning Wales as the second-highest region in the UK, behind Northern Ireland.
Looking ahead, surveyors remain optimistic about the sales outlook, with a net balance of 12% of Welsh respondents expecting sales to increase over the next three months.
However, house prices in Wales have not followed the same upward trend. Over the last three months, a net balance of -30% of Welsh surveyors reported a fall in home prices, which is lower than the UK average, where prices were reported as flat. Welsh surveyors are also cautious about the near-term price outlook, with a net balance of -22% expecting prices to drop further over the next three months.
In the rental market, demand for lettings continued to rise in August, with 50% of Welsh surveyors reporting an increase in tenant demand. However, the supply of rental properties continued to fall, albeit at a slower rate. A net balance of -17% of respondents noted a decline in rental supply, an improvement from the -33% reported in July. With the imbalance between supply and demand persisting, a net balance of 17% of surveyors expect rents to rise over the coming months.
Anthony Filice, FRICS of Kelvin Francis Ltd. in Cardiff, commented on the sales market, saying: “Appraisals and instructions remain strong. While there are fewer viewers, they are more serious, helped by more favourable mortgage rates. Some sellers with unrealistic pricing expectations are adjusting, leading to sales at lower prices than previously achievable.”
Melfyn Williams, MRICS of Williams & Goodwin The Property People Ltd. in Anglesey, added: “The market is active but not as buoyant as before. Buyers are cautious yet still purchasing, and sellers are concerned but continuing to sell. Activity is down, which is typical for August, but overall, the market remains steady despite seasonal and economic factors.”
In the lettings sector, Paul Lucas, FRICS of R.K. Lucas & Son in Haverfordwest, noted: “Rents continue to rise as the availability of property declines. Many landlords and holiday homeowners are selling due to increased taxation and rental regulation pressures.”
On the wider UK market, RICS Chief Economist Simon Rubinsohn highlighted improved sentiment, noting, “The latest RICS survey shows a lift in buyer interest following a modest fall in mortgage rates, with stock levels also inching up. However, there is still a need for realistic pricing to finalise deals, with uncertainty around future interest rate cuts and the forthcoming Budget keeping market sentiment cautious.”
Rubinsohn added that while affordability remains a challenge in the sales market, it is even more pressing in the lettings sector. “The ongoing reduction in rental stock, as landlords downsize their portfolios, is exacerbating the imbalance in the market.”
As the housing market in Wales continues to evolve, the coming months will determine whether the current surge in demand can sustain momentum amidst broader economic uncertainties.
Education
Pandemic impact on Welsh reading standards still felt, says Estyn
A NEW report by Estyn has highlighted the ongoing negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pupils’ Welsh reading skills, emphasising the importance of promoting reading across the curriculum. The report, published today, explores how Welsh and bilingual schools are developing these crucial skills, revealing significant variations in reading standards among pupils aged 10 to 14.
The report, titled Developing Pupils’ Welsh Reading Skills from 10-14 Years of Age, outlines how the pandemic has affected pupils’ confidence and ability to read and communicate in Welsh. The findings indicate that, despite efforts by schools, many pupils continue to struggle with Welsh reading, and wide disparities remain between primary, secondary, and all-age schools.
Owen Evans, His Majesty’s Chief Inspector of Education and Training in Wales, said: “It is unsurprising that we are still seeing the negative impact of the pandemic on pupils’ Welsh reading skills. However, our new report highlights good practice from schools and offers practical toolkits to help teachers develop pupils’ Welsh reading skills.”
The report identifies Welsh lessons and language sessions, as well as humanities subjects, as key areas where the most effective opportunities to develop reading skills occur. While many primary schools, and a few secondary schools, have successfully promoted reading for pleasure, the overall experiences designed to foster reading outside the classroom have decreased significantly, particularly in secondary schools, since the pandemic.
One of the challenges highlighted in the report is the difficulty of co-ordinating the development of reading skills consistently across different subjects and teachers, especially in secondary schools. This contrasts with primary schools, where a more unified approach is typically easier to implement.
Estyn has called for schools to strengthen opportunities for pupils to develop a broad range of reading skills across the curriculum. The inspectorate recommends that local authorities and the Welsh Government support schools in this endeavour. The report also presents a number of practical recommendations for school leaders, including a suite of toolkits designed to help teaching staff promote and enhance pupils’ reading abilities.
Evans added: “There are clear opportunities to improve how clusters of schools can work together to develop pupils’ reading skills and create more purposeful opportunities to nurture Welsh reading across the curriculum. Improving reading standards is a national priority, and we hope this report will help schools plan strategically to boost pupils’ interest, resilience, and confidence when reading in Welsh.”
Estyn’s report serves as a crucial reminder of the long-lasting effects of the pandemic on education, with a focus on how Welsh reading skills can be improved through a more integrated approach across all subjects. The inspectorate hopes that the report’s findings will spur school leaders, teachers, and policymakers to continue efforts in raising the standard of Welsh reading for pupils across Wales.
Business
Ogi secures £45million package to support next stages of growth
Ogi – Wales’s biggest alternative telecoms company – has reached a deal on a new £45million financing package from Cardiff Capital Region (CCR), alongside ongoing equity investment from its principal shareholder, Infracapital, to support the next stages in the company’s growth.
The latest funding package will see Ogi extend its reach in the ten local authority areas that make up CCR (Blaenau Gwent, Bridgend, Caerphilly, Cardiff, Merthyr Tydfil, Monmouthshire, Newport, Rhondda Cynon Taf, Torfaen and the Vale of Glamorgan) where it already has an established presence.
An important region economically, CCR also includes Ogi’s multimillion-pound high-capacity network spanning the south Wales trunk road into England. Built to service the growing need for cloud computing, AI and data storage, and serving the fast-growing fintech and creative sectors, among others, the new diverse route also increases Wales’s appeal to datacentre operators, mobile carriers and hyperscalers.
Securing its first round of investment from Infracapital, the infrastructure equity investment arm of M&G plc, Ogi propelled onto the scene in 2021, bringing full fibre connectivity, telephony, and business IT services to underserved communities across Wales, as well boosting the alternative options available in major cities and new and emerging commercial zones too.
The challenger to the incumbent operators has since built a new fibre to the premise [FTTP] network to over 100,000 premises in south Wales, with 1 in 5 of those already signed up as a customer.
With a distinctive Welsh brand, Ogi roots itself in the communities it serves, with a hyperlocal marketing approach backed by an award-winning community engagement programme that’s given thousands back to local groups and charities.
Each ‘full fibre’ community benefits from a capital injection of around £5million, with the long-term economic impact estimated to be worth almost £5 for every £1 invested. The Ogi network uses more sustainable technology compared to traditional copper connections too, helping more people to work from home, reducing the need to commute, and in turn reducing carbon emissions across the region.
Announcing the deal, Ogi’s Chief Executive Officer, Ben Allwright, said: “Right from the start, our ambition has been to become a leading Welsh telecoms company, and the last few years have certainly laid strong foundations for that goal.
“With key strategic sites like Aberthaw to the south and the heads of the valleys to the north, there’s massive potential across the capital region – and partnering with CCR at such an exciting time in their own development is the next logical step for Ogi’s growth in southeast Wales.
“Together with further investment from our principal shareholder, Infracapital, this is yet another endorsement of our mission to make sure no Welsh community gets left behind.
”I’m immensely proud of the work the team at Ogi are doing across Wales, and this news – another leap forward in Ogi’s development – is testament to their commitment to making sure Wales keeps up to speed with the rest of the UK, and the world.”
Chair, Cardiff Capital Region, Councillor Mary Ann Brocklesby, added: “Ogi has taken regeneration to a new level with its initial investment – connecting communities to new possibilities right across the Cardiff Capital Region and beyond. Our investment into Ogi recognises that ongoing commitment to boosting the region, and the work already being done to bring vital connectivity to some of Wales’s biggest towns and villages”.
Ogi was advised on the transaction by Deloitte and CMS Law acted as legal counsel for Ogi and Infracapital.
Previously announced programmes in communities outside of the 10 local authority areas that make up the Cardiff Capital Region – including Pembrokeshire – will continue as planned.
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