Education
Cave beneath Pembroke Castle could rewrite Britain’s prehistoric story
Five-year project to explore Wogan Cavern after remarkable finds including hippo bones, mammoth remains and evidence of early humans
A CAVE hidden beneath Pembroke Castle could help rewrite the story of prehistoric Britain after archaeologists uncovered evidence of human and animal activity stretching back more than 100,000 years.
A major new five-year archaeological project, led by the University of Aberdeen, will now investigate Wogan Cavern in greater depth after early excavations revealed what researchers believe may be one of the most important prehistoric archives in Britain.
Funding for the work has been awarded by the Calleva Foundation, with further support from the Pembroke Castle Trust, which is expanding its team and developing space at the castle so finds from the cavern can be preserved and kept in Pembroke.
Reached by a spiral staircase from inside the castle, the enormous cave had long been thought to have been emptied by Victorian digging, leading many to assume that little archaeological material remained.
But small-scale excavations carried out between 2021 and 2024 told a very different story.
Researchers uncovered abundant evidence of repeated human and animal visits over tens of thousands of years, with much of the cave’s sediment still intact. Finds already include the bones of mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, reindeer and wild horse, along with stone tools and signs of human occupation from several prehistoric periods.
Among the most striking discoveries are hippo bones believed to date from the last interglacial period around 120,000 years ago, when the climate was far warmer and hippopotamuses roamed what is now Wales.
Dr Rob Dinnis, who directed the first excavations and will lead the new project for the University of Aberdeen, said the significance of the site was already clear.
He said: “Despite the limited work done so far, we can already say that Wogan Cavern is a truly remarkable site.
“Not only is there extremely rare evidence for early Homo sapiens, there are also hints at even earlier human occupation, probably by Neanderthals.
“There is no other site like it in Britain – it is a once-in-a-lifetime discovery. With this new project we can learn a great deal about our early prehistoric forebears, about how they lived and what their worlds looked like.”
Archaeologists hope larger-scale excavations will reveal more about extinct animals, ancient environments and the changing climate, as well as the different groups of humans who may have used the cave.
Dr Dinnis said the team was optimistic the site could preserve a long sequence of human activity, from hunter-gatherers living there just after the last Ice Age around 11,500 years ago, back to Britain’s earliest Homo sapiens between 45,000 and 35,000 years ago, and possibly even earlier traces left by Neanderthals.
He added: “We have also found hippo bones, which probably date to the last interglacial period, around 120,000 years ago. The site could therefore tell us about how multiple changes in climate and environment affected people living there over 100,000 years or more.”
The project will make use of the University of Aberdeen’s expertise in archaeological science, alongside specialists from across Britain and Europe.
Professor Kate Britton, a specialist in science-based archaeology at the university, said the cave offered an exceptional opportunity to apply modern scientific methods.
She said: “Wogan Cavern provides a unique chance to use all the scientific techniques now available to archaeologists.
“Because the bones are well preserved, we can learn a lot about past environments and ecosystems, and do high-resolution scientific dating. Furthermore, pilot studies have shown that ancient DNA is preserved, in both the bones and the cave sediments.
“The project’s team of specialists are excited to learn as much as possible about the cave and its early inhabitants – animal and human – in the coming years.”
For Pembroke Castle, best known as the birthplace of Henry Tudor and one of Wales’ leading visitor attractions, the discovery opens an entirely new chapter in its long history.
Dr Jonquil Mogg, the newly appointed collections manager at Pembroke Castle, said: “Pembroke Castle has long been a very important part of Welsh and British history. Wogan Cavern has the potential to also establish it as a place of huge significance to British archaeology.”
Castle manager Jon Williams added: “This is incredibly exciting news for everyone at the castle.
“We have watched with great interest as Wogan Cavern has started to reveal its secrets – it’s very different from the medieval history we usually deal with at the castle.
“We are thrilled that work on this wonderful cave will continue. We very much look forward to working more with Rob and his team, and securing the collection for the people of Pembroke, Wales and beyond.”
New excavations are due to begin at the end of May.
Education
Holocaust survivor’s story shared with pupils at Ysgol Greenhill
MORE than 150 pupils at Ysgol Greenhill have heard the moving Holocaust testimony of the late Zigi Shipper BEM, who survived some of the most terrible events of the Second World War.
The special visit took place on Tuesday (May 5), when Mrs Lu Lawrence came to the school to speak about the life of her father.
Zigi Shipper survived the Lodz ghetto, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Stutthof concentration camp and a death march, among other traumatic events. When he was liberated by British forces, he was just 15 years old.

Mrs Lawrence spoke to Key Stage 3 and GCSE pupils, sharing not only her father’s testimony but also her own family’s story.
Ysgol Greenhill said more than 150 students attended the session and were “exceptionally well behaved”, asking thoughtful questions during the visit.
The school said: “In the current climate of increasing anti-Semitism, understanding the dangers of prejudice is more important than ever.”
The visit was arranged by the Holocaust Educational Trust, which works with schools to ensure young people continue to learn about the Holocaust and the dangers of hatred and discrimination.
The session gave pupils an opportunity to hear a deeply personal account of survival, loss and resilience, and to reflect on why Holocaust education remains so important today.
Photo caption:
Important lesson: Mrs Lu Lawrence visited Ysgol Greenhill to share the Holocaust testimony of her late father Zigi Shipper BEM (Pic: Ysgol Greenhill).
Community
Sixth-former firefighter balances schoolwork with saving lives
WHEN the alerter sounds, 18-year-old Bobi Jones swaps his school for his local fire station, serving as one of Mid and West Wales Fire and Rescue Service’s (MAWWFRS) youngest On-Call Firefighters.
He responds to incidents in his own time and has been granted special permission by his school, Ysgol Bro Teifi to leave free periods whenever an emergency call comes in.
Bobi applied to become an on-call firefighter shortly before his 18th birthday and follows in the footsteps of his brother, father, uncle and grandfather, marking three generations of firefighters and over 75 years of combined service. His family’s legacy reflects the strong community roots and sense of duty that have underpinned MAWWFRS for three decades.
Having spent time around his local fire station and the fire and rescue service from a young age, Bobi was keen to join the service. With an upcoming point of entry test, he applied as soon as he was eligible.
After completing his initial training, Bobi joined the crew at Newcastle Emlyn Fire Station in November 2025 and has enjoyed responding to incidents while further building his skills and knowledge. One standout incident was a fire at a local gym where he was involved in rolling out hoses and establishing safety lines.
As well as following in his family’s footsteps, Bobi says he joined MAWWFRS as he wanted to support his local community, which he has found really rewarding. Alongside his operational role and playing for Newcastle Emlyn Rugby Club, Bobi is studying A-Level Business and Sport and plans to start an electrician apprenticeship after finishing school, with a long-term goal of becoming a Wholetime Firefighter.
Talking about balancing his role as an on-call firefighter with life as a sixth-form pupil at Ysgol Bro Teifi in Llandysul, Bobi said: “There’s a good crew here at Newcastle Emlyn Station, which includes members of my family. We all support each other and there’s great camaraderie here.”
Asked what advice he would give to anyone considering becoming an on-call firefighter, Bobi added: “I would say absolutely go for it, the availability options are flexible enough to suit everyone and the Service is always recruiting for more on-call firefighters.”
Mid and West Wales Fire and Rescue Service is currently recruiting for on-call firefighters who, like Bobi, remain an essential part in protecting communities.
The role of an on-call Firefighter provides many opportunities for personal and professional development, through training, teamwork, leadership and problem solving. On-call firefighters receive payment for their services, including retainer fees and call-out payments, supplementing their income from other employment.
Education
Manifesto warns Welsh nurseries are ‘fighting to survive’
Nurseries in Wales are warning that rising costs and underfunded childcare places are putting providers under severe pressure
NDNA CYMRU has launched its manifesto, The Best Start for Children in Wales, calling on the next Welsh Government to make early childhood play, learning and care a priority for every family and community.
The organisation says early findings from its nursery survey show 89% of day nurseries in Wales make a loss on sessional places, while 79% say the full day rate does not cover their costs.
Staffing bills have risen by an average of 10.5%, while nurseries have increased fees to parents by an average of 7.5%, meaning many providers are absorbing part of the extra cost themselves.
One nursery told NDNA: “We can’t increase prices as parents are struggling to pay their bill already.”
NDNA Cymru says the pressure is forcing some nurseries to spend less on resources, reduce staff hours and cut training, with one respondent saying they had been forced to lay off three members of staff.
The manifesto sets out four priorities for the next Welsh Government. These include a national review of funded childcare, funding rates that reflect the real cost of delivery, proper support for Additional Learning Needs, protection for existing providers before new capital projects are approved, and a fully funded workforce strategy.
Tim McLachlan, Chief Executive of NDNA Cymru said: “The next Welsh Government has the opportunity to do things better. We are calling on all parties to put children at the heart of any future policy, making sure it is properly funded and delivered consistently in communities across Wales.
“Our survey of day nurseries shows that they face unique funding pressures. It cannot be good for children, families or the economy to have nurseries fighting just to survive when we want to see them thrive.
“Parents rightly want more support to make childcare more affordable. But to be fair to everyone and make sure that policies can be delivered, political parties must make sure any promise they make is fully funded.”
NDNA Cymru said 92% of nurseries responding to its survey were either operating at a loss or only breaking even.
The survey also found that the new £6.67 hourly funding rate for three and four-year-olds does not cover costs for many providers. For full day care, the average shortfall was £1.56 per hour per child, rising to £2.05 for sessional care.
One nursery said: “In the 39 years I have been operating successfully and at a very high level of quality, this is the most challenging and disheartening time for my business in relation to financial sustainability.”
Another said: “Funding and fees are a constant worry alongside staff recruitment and retention; childcare is a lot more challenging and increases each year make it harder and harder.”
NDNA Cymru said it wants a fair and consistent childcare system across Wales, backed by national guidance, proper investment in staff, and adequate ALN funding so children’s needs can be met.
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