Farming
Why every Welsh farm should set a goal to increase soil organic carbon
REDUCING soil disturbance, growing cover crops and increasing plant diversity will help Welsh farms better cope with future climate challenges.
As the industry moves towards utilising more sustainable food production techniques, the goal of every farm should be to increase soil organic carbon, insists Neil Fuller, an expert in the science of soil management.
At a recent Farming Connect soil health event at Treathro Farm, a beef farm near Strumble Head, Pembrokeshire, where David and Debbie Best are trialling different soil management practices, Mr Fuller said soil health offered significant sustainability and productivity outcomes for farm businesses.
As a starting point, he recommended getting an active measurement of the health of farm soils – its biological, physical and chemical health.
From microscopic fungi and bacteria to earthworms and beetles, soil contains billions of organisms.
“Most are beneficial to crops and perform a variety of functions, from breaking down organic matter and improving soil structure and drainage,’’ said Mr Fuller.
Many will also act as predators for pests, reducing the need for chemicals.
Earthworms are good indicators of soil health as they are sensitive to pH, waterlogging, compaction, rotations, tillage and organic matter.
Their numbers and distribution across a field can reveal what is going on under the surface.
Mr Fuller brought this message to life with a ‘soil safari’ by examining different soils and worm activity under a high-powered microscope and shared on a big screen.
Farm soils should have three types of earthworms – surface, topsoil and deep-burrowing earthworms.
Small surface worms live and feed on surface litter and organic amendments, topsoil earthworms are found in the topsoil, forming horizontal burrows that mix the soil and mobilise nutrients, and deep-burrowing earthworms make deep, vertical burrows.
While most soils have topsoil worms, the absence of surface and deep-burrowing worms suggest that the soil has been overworked and soil functioning is compromised.
Mr Fuller said the physical structure of the soil also needs to be considered.
If soil is compacted, there is less room for plant roots to grow and for air and water to circulate.
Compacted soils have lower infiltration and drainage rates, as well as reduced biological activity, plant root growth and yields.
They are also less able to cope with weather extremes, warned Mr Fuller.
Chemical properties are also important to soil health. Maintaining the optimum pH level and adequate supply of plant nutrients helps to support crop growth.
At Treathro, the Bests are working with Farming Connect to examine the impact of different management techniques and sward types on soil microbiology.
There are four trial fields: in one the Bests are rotational grazing their Red Devon suckler herd on permanent pasture and in another they intend to grow a minimum tillage herbal ley.
The other two trial sites are a field of perennial ryegrass and white clover used for haylage and a cliff-top field that is an SSSI and only lightly grazed by ponies.
Non Williams, Farming Connect Carbon Specialist Officer, said the average soil carbon stock in the top 10cm of soil was founds to be highest in the cliff top field, at 62.2 tonnes a hectare (t/ha), while in the rotationally grazed permanent pasture it was 51t/hectare (ha).
In the field used for haylage, it was 45.7t/ha and 41.7t/ha in remaining field.
Dr Williams said that at greater soil depth, 30-50cm below ground, the average soil carbon stock was highest – 30.4t/ha – in the perennial ryegrass and clover field used for haylage.
The project is also examining the levels of beneficial bacteria, fungi, protozoa and nematodes in the soil at Treathro.
Lynfa Davies, Farming Connect Biodiversity Specialist Officer, said this had shown that there were very dominant levels of beneficial bacteria.
Ideally fungi levels should be higher but she suggested low levels were typical of many agricultural soils.
“This can be improved through regenerative practices such as using deep-rooted leys using min-till methods which allow fungi to proliferate,’’ said Ms Davies.
Using less artificial fertilisers and increasing soil carbon will also help, she added.
But she warned that improving soil health is not a rapid process.
“It is important to remember that building soil health takes time and it may take several years before significant changes are seen,’’ said Ms Davies.
Business
Decision on Trewern Farm building plans delayed until 2025
A CALL to let a 950-herd north Pembrokeshire dairy farm to keep a farm shed built without permission a decade ago which was expected to be approved has instead been put on temporary hold, national park planners heard.
In an application recommended for conditional approval at Pembrokeshire Coast National Park’s development management committee meeting of December 4, Trewern Farms Ltd is seeking permission for the retention of the agricultural building and lay down area at Trewern Farm, Felindre Farchog.
The application is part of a wider complex planning history associated with the site.
A report for Park planners says: “Trewern Farm is operated as a zero grazing style dairy farm with 304 hectares located on two separate parcels of land, one at Trewern with the remainder being at Penpedwast, adjacent to Castell Henllys. The farm has a dairy herd of approximately 950 cows.
“Trewern Farm has expanded significantly over recent years with many of the buildings and structures on site having been erected without the prior benefit of planning permission, and having since been regularised through a combination of retrospective applications and certificates of lawfulness.
“The building subject of this application is believed to have been constructed in 2014. The site currently comprises an agricultural shed immediately adjoining another shed and is used for cubicle housing.
“A slurry lagoon, silage clamps and 12 of the newer agricultural buildings are now lawful as Certificates of Lawfulness were granted for these whilst the Authority was awaiting an Environmental Impact Assessment to be submitted by the applicants for the 2015 planning application to regularise the unauthorised buildings.
“However, this is the last of the outstanding agricultural buildings which are not lawful, and an enforcement notice was served in May 2018 requiring its removal. This notice was appealed in November 2019 and is currently being held in abeyance by the Planning Inspectorate.”
It says the building referred to in the application “is described as being designed to house cattle in a series of cubicles, and forms part of a longer set of buildings running along the southern section of the farming complex,” adding: “The livestock numbers are not proposed for increase as a result of this application but will be as secured [by a planning consent] restricted to no more than 960 milking cows with 1020 maximum excluding calves.”
Local community council Nevern has said it has “grave concerns” about the application, asking, amongst other things, how the 960 cattle limit will be policed and the important woodland will be protected.
At the December 4 meeting, planners were told the application would be deferred to a future meeting as not all received documentation had been published on the national park’s planning website.
The application is expected to return to the January meeting, committee chair Madelin Havard offering her apologies to the applicant for the delay.
Farming
57% of Welsh people expect food prices to rise due to Family Farm Tax
New research sparks concerns over food affordability
SHOCKING new research commissioned by the Liberal Democrats reveals that 58% of people in Wales anticipate food prices will rise due to the Family Farm Tax introduced in the recent Budget.
In response, the Liberal Democrats have tabled an amendment to reject the government’s Finance Bill, citing its damaging impact on family farms and wider rural communities.
Worrying changes in food habits
The research highlights alarming trends in how Welsh residents plan to cope with rising food costs. Nearly half (47%) of those expecting increases said they would switch to cheaper alternatives, while 32% revealed they would cut back on the amount of food they buy.
These changes could have significant health implications, with 19% of respondents admitting they are likely to buy less fresh fruit and vegetables if prices go up. The knock-on effect on small businesses is also evident, with 16% of respondents saying they would turn to larger supermarkets, posing further challenges for independent retailers already grappling with the rise in employers’ NIC contributions and the potential impact of the bus fare cap on foot traffic.
Liberal Democrats push for action
The Liberal Democrats are calling on the government to scrap the Family Farm Tax, arguing that its effects extend far beyond the farming sector. They warn of serious consequences for families and pensioners struggling to manage rising costs, urging support for their manifesto pledge to boost farming budgets by £1 billion, including £50 million annually for Wales.
“A tax that hits every family”
Welsh Liberal Democrat Deputy Leader David Chadwick MP said:
“I will fight this disastrous tax hike every step of the way and ensure Wales’ voices are heard in Westminster. The impact of this tax hike goes beyond farming communities—families and pensioners across Wales will be hit if food prices go up.
“The Budget has proven that the new Labour government does not understand rural communities or farmers and their vital role in food security, environmental protection, and the Welsh economy.
“We are urging the Labour government to axe the tax now. If not, the impact on already struggling communities will be catastrophic.”
Farming
Call for Mid and South Pembrokeshire MP to back farmers in crucial Commons vote
LOCAL Conservative Member of the Senedd (MS) Samuel Kurtz has urged Pembrokeshire’s MP to oppose what he calls “vindictive” changes to inheritance tax (IHT) on farms, as the Conservative Party gears up to force a vote on the issue in Parliament.
Conservative MPs will use their opposition day debate on Wednesday (Dec 4) to push for a vote on Labour’s controversial proposal that would increase IHT payments on farmland.
In her first Budget as Chancellor, Rachel Reeves announced plans to reform agricultural property relief (APR) and business property relief (BPR). Conservatives argue the changes could saddle farming families with tax bills running into millions of pounds.
Samuel Kurtz MS said: “Labour’s vindictive family farm tax threatens to destroy British farming as we know it. Farmers in Pembrokeshire, Wales, and across the UK will face devastating consequences. On Wednesday, MPs across the country have a choice: will they vote to axe the tax and save the family farm, or will they turn their backs on rural communities and support this damaging policy?”
According to the National Farmers Union (NFU), three-quarters of farmers could be affected by the changes. The Country Land and Business Association (CLA) estimates that the average 250-acre arable farm would need to sell 20% of its land to meet the new tax burden.
Kurtz added: “Two weeks ago, thousands of farmers descended on Westminster to make their voices heard. So far, the government has refused to listen. Labour MPs, including Pembrokeshire’s, now have a chance to side with British farming or remain silent. Which route will they take?”
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