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Has the mystery of how Preseli rock got stonehenge finally been solved?

Published

3 months ago

June 17, 2024

‘Lost’ Boulder Proves the Bluestones Were Transported from Wales by Glacier Ice – and NOT by Humans, Study Claims

A NEW study of the ‘lost’ Newall Boulder suggests it was transported by ice, potentially overturning the theory that humans moved the stones for Stonehenge.

How Neolithic humans might have transported so many huge boulders from Wales to Stonehenge is one of archaeology’s most enduring mysteries. However, a new study of a ‘lost’ boulder taken from the Stonehenge site over 90 years ago suggests that humans might not have moved the stones at all.

Dr Brian John, a retired geology lecturer from Durham University who lives in Pembrokeshire, argues that this bluestone boulder bears marks which suggest it was moved by glacial ice. This would undermine the common theory that the bluestone was quarried in the Preseli Hills of southwest Wales and manually transported to the Salisbury Plain.

***Natural transport: Could movement of ice pushed the stones to Mendip?***

Dr John said: “I think it’s hugely significant because it supports the assumption I’ve had for some years that these are not humanly-transported.”

In addition to the tall Sarsen stones that make up Stonehenge’s distinctive appearance, the site is also home to around 80 smaller bluestones. It is generally agreed that these stones originate from the Preseli Hills of south-west Wales, but how they got to Stonehenge is often debated.

Dr John’s argument centres on an analysis of a bluestone boulder about the size of a human skull, known as the Newall boulder. This boulder was first excavated in 1924 by the geologists Colonel Hawley and Robert Newall. Hawley originally thought the rock was just a piece of rubbish and wanted to throw it away rather than analyse it. However, Newall saved the stone from the rubbish heap and placed it in a cardboard box in his attic alongside a number of other finds from the site.

***New theory: Dr John (Pic: Martin Cavaney)***

The boulder remained there until Newall passed it over to the Salisbury Museum shortly before he died in 1976. There was a brief burst of interest in the boulder around 1977, but then it was placed back into storage and effectively forgotten for another 46 years.

However, in 2022, Dr John found a reference to the boulder and asked the Museum Director, Adrian Green, if it was still in storage. On discovering that it was, he was given permission to examine it and undertake a careful examination of its surface features.

Through a detailed analysis of the boulder’s surface, Dr John identified a series of marks that suggest glacial, rather than human transport. “Glacially transported boulders tend to have facets,” Dr John explains. “That means they’ve got a number of different faces at angles to one another which actually indicated where a boulder has been abraded or, basically, sanded down.”

**Is current theory wrong?: Volunteers pull bluestone from Pembrokeshire to Stonehenge (Image: Martin Cavaney)**

As boulders move with a glacier, they get flipped over from side to side, creating several different flat faces with rounded edges, just like the Newall boulder. In addition, the boulder bears a series of scratches and small fractures, called striations and chatter marks, which are often caused by glacial transport.

And although the Newall Boulder isn’t exactly the same type of rock as the other bluestones, Dr John says this is exactly what his theory would predict. He says: “It’s often claimed in popular articles that the bluestones are all made of spotted dolerite which is this type of igneous rock we get on the Preseli Hills but they’re actually about 30 different rock types. That enormous range of rock types is absolutely typical of the way that ice travels across the terrain and picks up boulders from here there and everywhere.”

Dr John suggests that this provides convincing evidence that the Newall boulder and all of the smaller bluestone boulders at Stonehenge were moved by glacier. His claims land him squarely at the centre of one of Stonehenge’s most contentious debates. The idea that the stones were transported to Salisbury Plain began with the geologist Herbert Henry Thomas in 1923. Although Thomas was quite spectacularly wrong about almost everything, the human transport theory is still extremely popular.

A team of researchers led by Professor Mike Parker Pearson of UCL have been some of the most active proponents of this theory, arguing that the stones were moved over land. Recently, Professor Pearson and his team even claimed to have discovered evidence which identifies the quarry of the Stonehenge bluestone, dating this to 3000 BC.

***Previously, two curraghs were readied to see if Bluestones could be floated to Stonehenge (Image Martin Cavaney)***

However, Dr John now says his discovery should “open up the debate” for a consideration of other theories. He says: “Herbert Thomas thought that because glacial transport was impossible they must have been carried by human beings. That’s now part of our national myth because people have not seriously questioned it before; it’s just been accepted as the truth.”

Instead of the orderly and rather deliberate building project we sometimes imagine Stonehenge to be, Dr John says: “I think it’s always been a bit of a shambles.” He argues that the Neolithic builders simply used the stones they had in their immediate vicinity, rearranging and moving the smaller bluestones as needed. And, when they eventually had to travel too far to gather more stones, the project was simply abandoned in the state we now find it. “It was a Neolithic cost-benefit analysis that eventually the costs of getting the stones were greater than the benefits that were coming from it,” he says.

However, the ultimate test for his theory would be cosmogenic dating – a test to determine how long rocks have been exposed to the surface by measuring their exposure to cosmic rays. If Dr John is right, the deeply weathered surface of the rocks should have been exposed to the elements for hundreds of thousands of years. Alternatively, if the stones were quarried they should only have been exposed to cosmic radiation for around 3,000 to 5,000 years.

While the debate over the origin of the stones is still very much alive, Dr John believes the evidence of weathering will remain strong. He concludes: “I’m very confident that if one or other university can get its act together and actually get this done these stones will be seen to have been subject to cosmogenic bombardment from the atmosphere for possibly hundreds of thousands of years. That would knock the quarrying idea on its head once and for all.”

Community

Narberth Food Festival: A feast of flavours and fun for all ages

Published

9 hours ago

September 28, 2024

Tom Sinclair

NARBERTH’S annual Food Festival has returned this weekend, bringing together a delicious mix of food, music, and educational activities that highlight the best of Welsh culture and cuisine. Held in the picturesque town of Narberth, the festival promises an exciting lineup of chefs, musicians, and local artisans, showcasing the rich diversity and culinary talent of Wales.

The festivities began with an Education Day, an enlightening experience for local school children from Narberth School and St Oswald’s VA School. The day was packed with engaging workshops hosted in a large marquee, including sausage making by Andrew Rees Butchers, seaweed discoveries with Câr y Môr, cake decorating skills by Ysgol Greenhill School, essential food preparation with Corinne Cariad, and delightful chocolate making with Wickedly Welsh Chocolate Co.

This educational initiative, heavily supported by local businesses and volunteers, is designed to teach the young attendees about the origins and production of food, a foundational knowledge that the festival organisers are keen to impart to the next generation.

As the festival opens to the public, attendees are invited to a culinary journey through the Food Theatre events on Saturday. Highlights include chef demonstrations from noted chefs like Dougie Balish of The Grove and engaging taste sessions with local food innovators such as Owen Rosser from Pembrokeshire Chilli Farm.

The Music Stage offers a melodic backdrop to the delicious fare, with a lineup that spans folk, rock, and acoustic performances. Saturday’s performances will see the likes of Abbie Jebbers and the dynamic duo BoxSet, while Sunday welcomes talents like Rosey Cale and the unique sounds of Ella Guru.

The festival is not only a platform for food and music but also a spotlight on the innovative local traders. Among them is James from Still Wild, who returns to share his foraging insights and his latest creation, Oystershell Vodka, already lauded with two Great Taste stars.

For the youngsters, the festival is packed with additional fun. Entry is free for under 16s, encouraging families to enjoy the face painting, circus skills workshops, and the antics of beloved street performers. These elements ensure that the Narberth Food Festival is a weekend where learning, fun, and gastronomy delightfully intersect.

Whether you’re a foodie, music lover, or just in search of a vibrant community event, Narberth Food Festival offers a rich tapestry of experiences that cater to all tastes and ages. With its commitment to education, local entrepreneurship, and cultural celebration, the festival continues to be a standout event in Wales’s festival calendar.

Community

Pembs photographer shortlisted for British Photography Awards

Published

2 days ago

September 26, 2024

Richard Lewis

PEMBROKSEHIRE photographer Gillian Mackay has shot her way to victory after being shortlisted for the highly acclaimed British Photography Awards, 2024.

Her stunning photograph, entitled ‘Ice Cream Please’ displays a wild pony harassing a lady who’s standing in a queue for an ice cream. And it certainly wowed this year’s selectors with the result that it has now been included in the awards’ Street Category section.

“I’m delighted and thrilled to be shortlisted for this, because it was certainly a surreal moment when I saw a wild pony harassing a lady in a queue for ice cream,” said Gillian.

Gillian’s focus has always been to try and catch things from an unusual perspective, which makes street photography her ideal genre. Her photographs sometimes include people in high contrast silhouette and sometimes she exposes the image for the person, and other times for the background. Her photographs often catch people in action, or when they are unaware of her presence, such as when they’re sitting alone on a public bench or, in this instance, queuing for an ice cream.

Street photography was first established by Henri Cartier-Bresson, when his aim was to catch random incidents in public places, rather than posed images. And it goes without saying that street photography can be taken anywhere in a public area, not just on the street.

Gillian, who is a member of the Tenby Camera Club, will be travelling to London for the awards ceremony which takes place in November.

The final winner will be chosen by a panel of judges, however there will also be a people’s award which can be visited on the British Photography Awards website.

Community

Celebrating 15 years of Dragon LNG with donation to Paul Sartori

Published

2 days ago

September 26, 2024

Tom Sinclair

DRAGON LNG, a key supplier of energy in the UK providing up to 12% of its energy needs, proudly celebrates 15 years of safe and successful commercial operations this year. With a commitment to the local community, Dragon employs and supports numerous families within Pembrokeshire, and each year, its staff chooses a Pembrokeshire-registered charity to support as their Charity of the Year. This year, the Paul Sartori Foundation was selected in recognition of its vital services to the community.

In celebration of the 15-year milestone, Dragon’s shareholders Shell and VTTI have made a generous £15,000 donation to the Paul Sartori Foundation. This contribution underscores Dragon LNG’s dedication to supporting the community and reflects on the significant impact the company has made over the past 15 years in Pembrokeshire, Wales, and the wider UK.

VTTI and Shell remarked, “We are proud of the contributions that Dragon has made to Wales and the wider UK over the past 15 years. The dedication and hard work of Dragon’s employees ensure that the energy flows smoothly. We are delighted to support Paul Sartori, a cause chosen by our employees for 2024, and recognize its important role in the Pembrokeshire community.”

Paul Sartori Hospice at Home, a charitable organization committed to providing compassionate end-of-life care, expressed their deep appreciation for the generous donation by the shareholders, which will positively impact the lives of those in need. From nursing care and night respite to equipment hire, complementary therapy, and bereavement counselling, The Paul Sartori Foundation is committed to taking care of its community when they need it the most. This incredible donation not only reflects the hard work of Dragon LNG within the sector and the area over the last 15 years but is also a testament to the great things that can happen when big industry and the local community work together.

Charity Manager Sandra Dade was grateful to be invited to Dragon’s staff and community celebration event held in Waterston, where the MD of Dragon, Simon Ames, presented The Paul Sartori Foundation with the generous donation.

“It’s because of organisations like this that we’re able to provide crucial care services to those with life-limiting illnesses, or those at the end of life. The charity does rely on the support of its local community to ensure the future of the charity and so we’re extremely grateful that an organisation of this size recognised our hard work within Pembrokeshire”.

Picture: Dragon LNG and Dragon Energy MD, Simon Ames presenting the cheque to Sandra of Paul Sartori at Dragon’ staff and community celebration event.